Yes, you can use the repository digest for this. Note that while this is a hash of the container, it's a hash specific to the repository, and is NOT the image id, which is a separate sha256 hash.
Once you push or pull a docker container to/from a registry, it acquires some repository metadata, including the repository digest for that container. You can see that digest by running docker inspect <container-tag-or-id>
and looking for the RepoDigests
section of the json (or just pipe that command into jq '.[].RepoDigests'
if you have it installed.
Now you can compare that with the docker pullable of the kubernetes pod you want to check by running this command:
kubectl get pod <POD> -o jsonpath='{.status.containerStatuses[*].imageID}'
If the hashes of both of those values match, then you can be sure they are running the same container.